The ambush had been postponed three times before Ukrainian commanders decided one recent night that conditions were finally right. Cloaked in darkness, a battalion of Kyiv’s 129th brigade pressed ahead, advancing stealthily on unsuspecting Russian soldiers. By the time the Russians situated along the front line realized they were under attack, it was too late.
Ukraine’s recapture of the small village of Neskuchne in the eastern Donetsk region on June 10 encapsulated the opening strategy of a major counteroffensive launched earlier in June. Small platoons bank on the element of surprise and, when successful, make incremental gains in territory and battlefield intelligence.
“We had a few scenarios. In the end, I think we chose the best one. To come quietly, unexpectedly,” said Serhii Zherebylo, the 41-year-old deputy commander of the battalion that retook Neskuchne.
Across the 930-mile front line, Ukrainian forces are attempting to wear down the enemy and reshape battle lines to create more favorable conditions for a decisive, eastward advance. One strategy could be to try to split Russia’s forces in two so that the Crimean Peninsula, which Moscow illegally annexed in 2014, is isolated from the rest of the territory it controls.
Ukraine’s troops were given a boost of morale in June by an armed rebellion in Russia that posed the most significant threat to President Vladimir Putin’s power in more than two decades. Yet how the revolt by Wagner Group mercenaries under the command of Russian warlord Yevgeny Prigozhin affects the trajectory of the war remains to be seen.
The infighting is a major distraction for Russia’s military and political leaders, but experts say the impact on the battlefield so far appears minimal.
Ukraine has stepped up operations around the eastern city of Bakhmut, which Wagner forces seized after months of intense fighting and then handed over to Russian soldiers, who continue to lose some ground on their southern flank.
Along the front line, however, the strength of the Russian military remains unchanged since the revolt.
It is not clear where Ukraine will attempt to decisively punch through, but any success will rely on newly formed, Western-equipped brigades that are not yet deployed. For now, Russia’s deeply fortified positions and relative air superiority are slowing Ukraine’s advance.
Military experts say it is hard to say who has the advantage: Russia is dug-in with manpower and ammunition, while Ukraine is versatile, equipped with modern weaponry and clever on the battlefield.
But with the autumn muddy season only four months away, some Ukrainian commanders say they are racing against time.
“Although Ukrainian forces are making small and steady gains, they do not yet have the operational initiative, meaning they are not dictating the tempo and terms of action,” said Dylan Lee Lehrke, an analyst with the British security intelligence firm Janes.
Grinding battles are being waged in multiple combat zones.
Russia covertly triggered a catastrophic dam collapse in the southern Kherson region on June 6, which altered the geography along the Dnieper River. It disrupted Ukrainian counter-offensive plans in the region, but also granted its armed forces more freedom of movement there.
The devastating flooding caused by the destruction of the Nova Kakhovka dam pushed millions of tonnes of oil, sediment, pesticides, debris, and chemicals downstream toward the Black Sea. The toxic mix created an unprecedented ecological disaster for farmers and residents.
Across the agricultural plains of the southeastern Zaporizhzhia region, Ukrainian troops backed by tanks, artillery, and drones appear to be chipping away more decisively against Russian positions.
Ukrainian troops would deal a severe blow to Russian forces if they managed to regain access to the Sea of Azov from this direction, effectively cutting off Moscow’s land bridge to Crimea. It is too early to determine whether this is a realistic goal. They are still a long way off.
In an underground command center on the front, a Ukrainian Special Forces commander with the call sign “Hunter” stares intently at an aerial view of the lush green battlefield.
His servicemen have just stormed an enemy position, but the return fire is constant. Russians blast rockets into the air, while his fighters hide and wait for orders. Hunter directs the drone operator to shoot. On the screen, a huge plume of black smoke swells in the air. A hit, he said. The battle here will only get harder, analysts say.
Ukrainian troops are still several kilometers from Russia’s main defensive lines. As they penetrate deeper into occupied territory, the fighters will have to contend with Russian defenses organized in a diagonal pattern, 10 kilometers deep in some areas, including minefields, anti-tank ditches, and pyramid-shaped obstacles known as “dragon’s teeth.”
And with each advance, they become more vulnerable to Russian air attacks. At least 50 square miles of land has been regained in the south since the start of the counteroffensive, Deputy Defense Minister Hanna Malyar said recently. It is not the pace many hoped for.
A U.S. official familiar with the Biden administration thinking said the counteroffensive is a “long slog” that is testing Ukrainian forces in ways that few other episodes of the 17-month-old war have. The official, who was not authorized to comment and spoke on the condition of anonymity, said that there never was expected to be a “D-Day moment,” but that the early going suggests the pace of the counteroffensive will be “tough and challenging” for the Ukrainians.
Unlike some of the earlier battles in the war, in which Russian forces showed little resistance or even fled the battlefield, Ukrainian forces are currently facing stiff resistance, the official said.
In the northeast, Russian forces have stepped up offensive operations in the direction of the Kreminna forest near Lyman with the aim of securing a buffer to prevent incursions close to Moscow’s supply lines, said Lehrke. But it may well have a secondary aim — of forcing more Ukrainian deployments, he said.
The densely forested area has proven to be notoriously difficult terrain.
“The Russians have sabotage groups going into the woods and there have been cases where they enter behind the first line of Ukrainian defenses,” said Pavlo Yusov, a press officer with the National Guard’s Thunderstorm brigade, currently in Lyman.
Colonel Volodymyr Silenko, a commander of the 30th Mechanized Brigade operating near Bakhmut, pays no mind to criticism over the pace of attacks. It’s much more important to focus on how the adversary is thinking and responding, he said.
“A war is not a competition of raw force and strength of weapons and people, it’s more about who’s more cunning,” he said.
Silenko knows the Russians watch his men, the same way he watches theirs. Moscow sees their movements, how they change, how they evolve.
“Our job is to outsmart them,” he said.
Deception was a key part of Ukraine’s most significant battlefield success to date, last fall’s “Kherson ruse.” By making it appear that the city of Kherson was the main target of that counteroffensive, Ukrainian forces were able to swiftly retake the northern Kharkiv region.
“That was a master class in deception,” said Lehrke. “Whether they can do the same this time remains to be seen.”
